Export documents & Incoterms.
The documents essential to customs clearance and the Incoterms 2020: who pays what, who bears the risk. A practical reference to prepare an import with confidence.
Essential export documents
Proforma invoice
Formal quote issued before the order. Used to open a documentary credit or to confirm the purchase agreement.
Commercial invoice
The cornerstone of customs clearance: it states the value, the Incoterm and the country of origin of the goods.
Packing list
Breakdown of the packages: contents, weight, dimensions and markings. Eases customs control and handling.
Certificate of origin
Certifies the origin of the goods (issued by the chamber of commerce). Affects duties depending on trade agreements.
Bill of lading / Air waybill (B/L or AWB)
Transport contract and title to the goods (sea or air freight).
Transport insurance certificate
Covers the value of the goods while in transit to the destination.
Customs declaration (import)
Filed by the freight forwarder or declarant at destination for import clearance.
Product certificates (CE, datasheets)
Depending on the nature of the equipment: CE marking, datasheets, regulatory compliance.
Incoterms 2020 — who pays what, who bears the risk
The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Incoterms® 2020 allocate costs, transport and the transfer of risk between seller and buyer.
The buyer takes on everything from the factory gate: transport, export clearance, import and risks.
The seller delivers the export-cleared goods to the carrier nominated by the buyer.
The seller is responsible up to loading the goods on board the vessel at the port of departure (sea freight).
The seller pays transport and insurance to the port of destination (sea freight); risk transfers once the goods are on board.
The seller delivers to the destination; import clearance remains the buyer's responsibility.
The seller delivers fully cleared, with duties and taxes paid: this is the maximum obligation on the seller's side.
Key takeaway:DAP is the most common choice for African clients who want simplicity (delivery to destination, customs cleared by them). DDP is the “all-inclusive” option, but at a higher cost.
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Informational content; documentary requirements vary by country and product — we confirm your exact checklist with the quote.